Extensive activities in military training ranges result in a wide release of munition residues, thus causing the pollution of energetic compounds and heavy metals in the environment. The ecological effects of such pollution are receiving increasing global attention. The current status of energetic compound (represented by trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), and cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX)) and heavy metal (represented by lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and copper (Cu)) pollution in military training ranges is summarized with their ecological and health concerns. Different effects of both energetic compounds and heavy metals on plants, animals, microbes and human health are highlighted. Brief introduction to the risk assessment of military training grounds in recent years is also included. The current studies urge future work to deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanism for energetic compound toxicity, and the ecological effects of multi-pollutant co-exposure. These efforts in future will provide scientific basis for the policy making of the pollution control management in military training ranges, and the subsequent pollution prevention and remediation.