ABSTRACT Objective: To observe the correlation between serum protein factor and PANSS scores in patients with schizophrenia, and to explore the possibility of serum protein factor as a biomarker for evaluating schizophrenia. Methods: 68 schizophrenic patients admitted to our hospital from May 2015 to July 2018 were selected as observation group, according to the curative effect, the patients were divided into significant group (n=22), effective group (n=35) and invalid group (n=11). At the same time, 68 healthy volunteers were selected as control group. Serum levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and S100 calcium binding protein β (S100β) were measured before and after treatment, and the correlation between serum protein factor levels and positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS) scores in observation group after treatment were analyzed. Results: Before treatment, the levels of serum BDNF and NGF in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group, while the levels of serum S100β and GFAP in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). There were significant differences in the levels of BDNF, S100β and GFAP before and after treatment in different therapeutic groups (P<0.05), among them, the significant group had the highest level of each index. There was no significant difference in the level of S100β between different therapeutic groups before and after treatment (P>0.05). Compared with before treatment, the levels of BDNF and NGF in different therapeutic groups decreased after treatment (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that after treatment, serum BNDF levels were positively correlated with PANSS scores, while GFAP levels were negatively correlated with PANSS scores (P<0.05), the levels of serum NGF and S100β were not correlated with PANSS scores (P>0.05). Conclusion: Neurological malnutrition and nerve injury occur in the early stage of schizophrenia. Serum protein factors such as GFAP and BDNF may be used as potential biomarkers for evaluating schizophrenia patients.