As a primary tributary of the Songhua River, Ashi River contains various types of water quality of "Class I-worse V". Through the investigation of the composition of macroinvertebrate communities along the Ashi River, and the analysis on the correlation between macroinvertebrate communities and environmental factors combined with Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), it can be concluded that dissolved oxygen and permanganate index are the main limiting factors for the composition of macroinvertebrate communities in the study region. It might provide a technical basis for analyzing the causes of macroinvertebrate population changes under different water quality conditions and proposing treatment method for the Ashi River from the perspective of biology.