Agricultural cooperative theory of Marx and Engels is an important theoretical basis for guiding the construction of modern agriculture in China. Under the guidance of this theory, the Commu- nist Party of China has made a long and arduous social historical practice to enrich it on the basis of na- tional conditions and demands of the times, and thus developing the new agricultural cooperatives ideas with distinctive Chinese characteristics. In this process, ample experiences have been accumulated in forms of conforming to the fact that the changes of the relations of production must adhere to the re- quirements of the development of productivity, sticking to the leadership of the Party, following the prin- ciple of voluntary and mutually beneficial cooperation in agricultural organization, developing the new ag- ricultural cooperative economic organizations and improving the land transfer mechanism. Practically, great historical contributions have been made to promote the process of agricultural modernization in China. Theoretically,significant reference and inspiration have been assured for the future development of the new types of rural cooperative economic organizations.